Continuous-variable (CV) cluster states are a universal resource for fault-tolerant quantum computation when supplemented with the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) bosonic code. We generalize the recently introduced subsystem decomposition of a bosonic mode [G. Pantaleoni et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 040501 (2020)], and we use it to analyze CV cluster-state quantum computing with GKP states. Specifically, we decompose squeezed-vacuum states and approximate GKP states to reveal their encoded logical information, and we decompose several gates crucial to CV cluster-state quantum computing. Then, we use the subsystem decomposition to quantify damage to the logical information in approximate GKP states teleported through noisy CV cluster states. Each of these studies uses the subsystem decomposition to circumvent complications arising from the full CV nature of the mode in order to focus on the encoded qubit information.
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